临近空间飞艇电源系统技术难点及发展趋势

徐国宁; 张衍垒; 陈康; 黄庭双; 孔华; 焦斌

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0866

临近空间飞艇电源系统技术难点及发展趋势

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0866

徐国宁^{1, 2},
张衍垒¹,
陈康^1, ,,
黄庭双¹,
孔华¹,
焦斌¹

1.
中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京 100094
2.
中国科学院大学航空宇航学院，北京 100049

基金项目:

中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-102)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：chenkang@aircas.ac.cn

中图分类号: V274；V11
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- 文章访问数: 536
- HTML全文浏览量: 101
- PDF下载量: 79
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-09
- 录用日期: 2025-01-03
- 网络出版日期: 2025-02-11
- 整期出版日期: 2025-08-31

Technical difficulties and development trend of near-space airship’s power system

1.
Aerospace Information Research Institute，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100094，China
2.
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics，University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China

Funds:

CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-102)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：chenkang@aircas.ac.cn

摘要

摘要:
临近空间飞艇因其飞行时间长、载荷能力大、运维成本低等优势，在通信和应急救援等方面有着巨大的应用潜力，其电源系统由太阳电池、储能电池、电源管理与配电等组成。为应对临近空间低压、低温、强紫外辐射等极端环境并实现长时间稳定运行，需要对电源系统进行适应性设计与优化。通过对临近空间环境特点、临近空间飞艇电源系统组成特点及发展现状的回顾和分析，总结过去、当前和未来的临近空间飞艇电源系统技术发展相关的关键问题，探讨临近空间飞艇电源系统面临的技术问题和挑战，明确各项技术所需重点突破的方向和指标，指出低成本高效率的太阳电池组件、高质量比能量长循环寿命的储能电池模组及高可靠性高效的分布式电源管理技术等是急需突破的关键技术。同时，远距离无线能量传输及极端环境利用技术是潜在的提高电源系统能力的方式。为临近空间飞艇电源系统设计者和相关学科研究人员提供参考并开展需求导向的研究工作。
- 飞艇 /
- 临近空间 /
- 电源系统 /
- 空间电源 /
- 循环电源系统
Abstract:
The near-space airship holds significant promise for applications in communication networks and emergency rescue operations due to its remarkable advantages of extended flight duration, substantial payload capacity, and low operation and maintenance expenses. Its power system is composed of solar cells, batteries, power management modules, and power distribution units. To ensure stable long-term operation in the harsh near-space environment, characterized by low pressure, extreme low temperatures, and intense ultraviolet radiation, adaptive design and optimization of the power system are indispensable. The paper conducts a review and analysis of the near-space environmental characteristics, the technical specifications of power systems for near-space airships, and the current state of technological development. It summarizes the key issues associated with the historical, current, and future evolution of power technologies for such airships, discusses the technical challenges confronting their power systems, and clarifies the breakthrough directions and performance indicators required for each technology. The study identifies three critical technologies requiring urgent breakthroughs: low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell modules, high-performance energy storage battery modules with long cycle life, and high-reliability, high-efficiency distributed energy management technologies. Additionally, long-distance wireless energy transmission and extreme environment energy utilization technologies are highlighted as potential pathways to enhance power system capabilities. The paper provides a valuable reference for power system designers of near-space airships and researchers in related disciplines, enabling them to conduct demand-driven technological research and development.
- airship /
- near-space /
- power system /
- space power /
- circulating power supply system

HTML全文

图 1 0～100 km大气圈层分布及温度、气压、气体密度、臭氧浓度变化

Figure 1. Distribution of atmospheric layers and changes in temperature, air pressure, gas density, and ozone density between 0 and 100 km

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图 2 大气中高能粒子的垂直分布^[3]

Figure 2. Vertical profile of high-energy particles in the atmosphere^[3]

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图 3 Sceye平流层飞艇

Figure 3. Sceye’s stratospheric airship

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图 4 临近空间飞艇电源系统结构^[20]

注：MPPT (maximum power point tracking)

Figure 4. Structure of near-space airship’s power system^[20]

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图 5 电源系统在飞艇周围的布局^[21]

Figure 5. Distribution of energy systems around airship^[21]

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图 6 晶体硅和非晶硅的太阳电池板^[24]

Figure 6. Solar panels in crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon^[24]

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图 7 晶体硅异质结太阳电池组件^[30]

Figure 7. Crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell module^[30]

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图 8 再生燃料电池系统流程^[17]

Figure 8. Renewable fuel cells system process diagram^[17]

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表 1 临近空间飞艇电源系统与卫星电源系统对比

Table 1. Comparison of power systems for near-space airships with power systems for satellites

电源系统	功率等级/kW	电压等级/V	能源情况	电源系统结构规模	外部环境
临近空间飞艇电源	10～200	≥300	紧张	庞大且分散	复杂多变
卫星电源	1～10	≤100	足够	集中	单一

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表 2 临近空间飞艇用太阳电池类型及光电转化效率

Table 2. Types and photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of solar cells for near-space airships

飞艇名称	年份	太阳电池类型	光电转化效率/%
HASPA	1975	硅 N/P 太阳能电池	9.5～10
HALROP	1991	单晶硅	14～16
Lotte	1991—1995	非晶硅	10～12
SPF 飞艇	1998	非晶硅	12
SOUNDER	2000	自动太阳跟踪模式（未提及效率）	未提及
HiSentinel	2005—2010	非晶硅	16.8
HALE-D	2009	非晶硅	未提及
Low-to Medium- altitude Airship	2010	硅基电池	19
MAAT	2011	非晶硅	8.5

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