Influence of cold cloud radiation on thermal-dynamic characteristics of super-pressure balloon
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摘要:
针对冷云辐射对超压气球热动力特性影响的问题，提出融合冷云辐射特性的超压气球热动力学模型。研究不同相对高度条件下，冷云对超压气球热环境的影响。分析冷云高度、厚度、云粒子有效半径、温度、含水量等特征，建立冷云的辐射吸收、透过和反射特性模型。在动力学、运动学和热力学分析的基础上，建立包含冷云辐射特性的超压气球热动力学模型，开发仿真计算程序，利用实测数据验证热动力学模型和仿真程序的准确性。利用风云卫星冷云数据，仿真分析冷云辐射影响下的超压气球热动力学特性，结果显示：冷云会降低超压气球温度，影响超压气球升空速度和高度，当云层厚度或云层温度到达一定条件时，超压气球将无法抵达预期驻留高度。
Abstract:To investigate the influence of cold cloud radiation on the thermal-dynamic characteristics of super-pressure balloons, this paper proposed a thermal-dynamic model that incorporated cold cloud radiation characteristics for super-pressure balloons. First, the paper probed into the influence of cold cloud on the thermal environment of a super-pressure balloon at different relative heights. Then, it analyzed cold cloud characteristics including height, thickness, effective radius of cloud droplet, temperature, and water content and further described the radiation absorption, transmission, and reflection equations of cold cloud. On the basis of dynamic, kinetic, and thermal analyses, a thermal-dynamic model that incorporated cold cloud radiation characteristics was established for the super-pressure balloon, and a computer program was developed. Finally, measured data was used to verify the accuracy of the thermal-dynamic model and the program. Cold cloud data from the Fengyun satellite was introduced to simulate the thermal-dynamic characteristics of a super-pressure balloon under the influence of cold cloud radiation. The results show that cold cloud may lower the temperature of the super-pressure balloon and therefore exert influence on its flight velocity and altitude. When the cloud thickness and temperature reach a critical condition, the super-pressure balloon could not reach its designed flight altitude.
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图 8 无云环境飞行过程氦气温度
Figure 8. Helium temperature during flight process in environment without cloud
图 13 升空过程球体内外压差对比
Figure 13. Comparison of pressure difference during ascending process
图 17 平飞过程氦气温度对比
Figure 17. Comparison of helium temperature during horizontal flight process
图 18 平飞过程球体内外压差对比
Figure 18. Comparison of pressure difference during horizontal flight process
图 19 平飞过程升空速度对比
Figure 19. Comparison of flight velocity during horizontal flight process
图 20 平飞过程飞行高度对比
Figure 20. Comparison of flight altitude during horizontal flight process
图 21 不同云层温度条件下飞行过程氦气温度
Figure 21. Helium temperature during flight process at different cloud temperatures
图 24 不同云层厚度条件下飞行过程氦气温度
Figure 24. Helium temperature during flight process at different cloud thicknesses
图 27 云层温度与厚度耦合特性分析
Figure 27. Analysis of coupling characteristics of cold cloud temperature and thickness
表 1 某超压气球系统设计参数
Table 1. Design parameters of a super-pressure balloon system
参数 数值 浮升气体 氦气 放飞时间 8月下旬上午6:45 驻留高度/km 25 最大体积/m3 7240 总质量/kg 280 球膜质量/kg 120 载荷质量/kg 124 
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表 2 球膜材料热辐射特性参数
Table 2. Thermal radiation properties of balloon film
参数 数值 球膜比热容$ /({\text{J}} \cdot {\text{k}}{{\text{g}}^{{\text{ - 1}}}} \cdot {{\text{K}}^{{\text{ - 1}}}}) $ 2302.7 球膜对可见光吸收率 0.02 球膜对可见光透过率 0.9 球膜对红外辐射吸收率 0.078 球膜对红外辐射透过率 0.9
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