Energy influence of stages in cruise profile for near space solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles
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摘要:
昼夜能量平衡是临近空间太阳能无人机(UAV)具备高空长航时飞行能力的重要前提之一，设计合理的巡航飞行剖面是实现该目标的关键。基于此，通过分析太阳能无人机在巡航飞行剖面中滑翔、爬升、日间平飞和夜间平飞等各阶段的能源供应模式，建立发电、储能、耗能和动力学的模型，重点讨论巡航飞行剖面各阶段工作特性对能源循环的影响。研究结果表明：滑翔和爬升策略对于储能电池的最低电量影响较小；提高日间巡航高度可增加储能电池最低电量，且日间巡航结束时间会影响储能电池最低电量；降低夜间巡航高度可大幅增加储能电池的最低电量。
Abstract:The diurnal energy balance is one of the most important factors for near-space solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform high-altitude long-duration missions. To achieve this goal, the design of a reasonable cruise flight profile is significant. In this work, the energy supplying modes of stages in cruise flight profile, including gliding, climbing, daytime level flight and night level flight, were analyzed respectively. Then the models of power generation, energy storage, energy consumption and dynamics were established. The effects of each stage’s operational characteristics in the flight profile were then thoroughly examined. The findings demonstrated that the climbing and gliding tactics had no impact on the lowest battery energy. The end time of daytime level flight had an impact on the energy storage battery’s minimum power, and increasing the daytime cruise altitude may, to some extent, raise the battery’s minimum energy. The reducing of the night cruise altitude could greatly increase the minimum battery energy.
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Key words:
- solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle /
- near space /
- flight profile /
- energy analysis /
- cruise flying
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图 1 临近空间太阳能无人机能源供应模式
Figure 1. Energy supplying modes of near-space solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles
图 2 跨昼夜飞行阶段典型巡航飞行剖面与能源特性
Figure 2. Typical cruise flight profiles and energy property of diurnal endurance flight stages
图 3 2种滑翔策略的功率特性示意图
Figure 3. Schematic of power characteristics of two gliding strategies
图 4 2种爬升策略的功率特性示意图
Figure 4. Schematic of power characteristics of two climbing strategies
图 6 Zephyr S太阳能无人机示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of Zephyr S solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles
图 7 太阳能无人机每日发电情况
Figure 7. Daily energy generation in solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles
图 11 2种典型滑翔策略的能量
Figure 11. State of battery energies for two typical glide strategies
图 13 2种典型爬升策略的能量
Figure 13. State of battery energies for two typical climb strategies
图 14 不同日间巡航高度时储能电池能量
Figure 14. State of battery energies for different daily cruise altitudes
图 15 不同夜间巡航高度时储能电池能量
Figure 15. State of battery energies for different night cruise altitudes
表 1 仿真分析使用的参数
Table 1. Parameters used in simulation analysis
参数 数值 总质量/kg 62 载荷质量/kg 5 储能电池能量密度/(Wh·kg−1) 400 储能电池放电深度/% 90 翼展/m 25 太阳电池面积/m2 15 太阳电池比功率/(W·kg−1) 1000 太阳电池功率密度/(W·m−2) 250 航电与载荷功耗/W 50 日间巡航高度/m 21000 夜间巡航高度/m 16000 
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