Overall and energy efficiency optimization for communication-oriented morphing solar-powered UAV
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摘要:
高空太阳能无人机(SPUAV)平台在充当空中基站增强、补盲偏远地区、灾害应急、远程中继通信方面具有其他平台难以比拟的优势，但太阳能无人机设计域狭窄，需要综合考虑载荷约束和无人机平台特点耦合设计。重点考虑通信任务与平台能量的双重约束，设计一种构型可变的太阳能无人机平台，研究其总体方案设计与优化，使太阳能无人机在满足24 h能量闭合前提下能够最大化覆盖通信范围。通过建立通信、太阳辐照、质量预测等模型，设置能量平衡约束与通信约束条件，建模优化问题，进而设计启发式算法的全局优化框架。仿真分析结果表明：可变构型下的总体方案与常规构型相比能够显著减少总质量，特别是在高空重载的状况下能够提高整体方案的效用，仿真条件下总质量节约13.3%；通信载荷规格的提高及巡航高度的增加能够增加中继通信覆盖范围，但是需要以平台总质量增加作为代价；硬件设计方案一定时，选定低巡航高度可以使通信覆盖效费比更高。
Abstract:The high-altitude solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (SPUAV) offers incomparable advantages compared to other platforms, especially in enhancing aerial base stations, extending coverage to remote regions, supporting disaster response, and providing relay communication. However, the design feasible zones of SPUAVs are limited, requiring a coupling design of payload constraints and overall UAV characteristics. Focusing on the dual constraints of communication mission and UAV platform energy, this paper designed a morphing SPUAV, studying its overall design and optimization. Under the requirement of 24-hour energy closure while ensuring the mission’s effectiveness, the communication relay coverage was maximized. By establishing models for communication, solar irradiation, and mass prediction, setting energy balance constraints and communication constraints, and modeling optimization problems, the paper proposed a global optimization framework using a heuristic algorithm. The simulation results indicate that compared with the conventional configuration, the morphing SPUAV can significantly reduce total weight, especially under conditions of high altitude and heavy load, improving the overall effectiveness of the solution. Under simulation conditions, the total weight showed a 13.3% deduction. The improvement of communication payload specifications and the increase of cruise altitude can increase the coverage of relay communication but at the expense of increased total weight. When the communication payload is fixed, a low cruising altitude can improve the efficiency-to-cost ratio of communication coverage.
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Key words:
- solar-powered UAV /
- relay communication /
- overall design /
- energy efficiency /
- heuristic algorithm
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图 7 通信中继任务与平台设计的矛盾
Figure 7. Contradiction between communication relay task and platform design
图 12 不同巡航高度下覆盖半径与所需信号强度
Figure 12. Relationship between coverage radius and required signal strength under varying altitudes
表 1 机载通信设备参数
Table 1. Parameters of airborne communication equipment
通信设备质量/kg 功耗/W 发射功率/W 0.5 12 1 5 100 4 20 200 10 
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表 2 分系统设计参数
Table 2. Design parameters of sub-systems
参数 取值 ksc/(kg·m−2) 0.4 kba/(Wh·kg−1) 300 kmp/(kg·kW−1) 8 kpr/(kg·kW−1) 0.42 ηsc 0.3 ηmp 0.97 ηpr 0.85 ηch 0.95 ηdc 0.95
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表 3 太阳能无人机设计指标
Table 3. Design indicators of SPUAV
飞行日期 纬度/(°) 飞行高度/km 03-22—09-22 30 10～15
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表 4 优化算法组变量选取空间
Table 4. Ranges of variables for algorithm optimization
b/m c/m [5,80] [0.5,3]
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